Here are some more literary devices, along with examples of how S.E. Hinton used them in The Outsiders. Click on the blue boxes to expand them and read the definitions and examples. Can you think of other places in the book where these devices were used?
Words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation that are used to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful for the reader
S.E. Hinton uses figurative language in The Outsiders to reveal complex issues about social class and stereotypes that Americans faced in the 1950s. Those from the “wrong side of the tracks” were often seen as poor troublemakers unworthy of respect, while those on the “good side” faced insecurity issues.
A literary device authors use to hint toward future events in the story to build suspense, to develop the plot, and to add nuance.
Hinton used foreshadowing, or hints of warning, to create suspense before some of the most impactful events of The Outsiders. Before Johnny killed Bob, Ponyboy mentions that Johnny would kill the next person that tried to jump him and drops a hint that things are about to get even worse.
A figure of speech that uses language to exaggerate what the author means or emphasize a point. It's often used to make something sound much bigger and better than it actually is or to make something sound much more dramatic.
At the end of Chapter 6, when Ponyboy reconciles with his oldest brother Darry at the hospital, he is so moved by his brother’s relief at his being alive that Ponyboy says, "I listened to his heart pounding through his t-shirt and knew everything was going to be okay now."
Describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison. A metaphor states that one thing is another thing. It equates those two things not because they actually are the same, but for the sake of comparison or symbolism.
Johnny is described as “Everyone’s kid brother,” suggesting that each Greaser looks out for him and feels responsible for him, as he is shy and anxious.
Ascribing a human trait or ability to a concept or a non-human object
An example of personification is when Pony and Johnny are on the run after Johnny kills Bob. Pony has been nearly drowned in the fountain, and so he is soaking wet. He and Johnny go to Dally for help, and Dally gives him a shirt that is too big. Ponyboy says, “I started buttoning up the shirt. It about swallowed me.” (Chapter 4) Shirts are not alive and can’t really swallow someone.