La Declaración de Independencia
La Declaración de Independencia, adoptada por el Congreso Continental el 4 de julio de 1776, anunció la decisión de los estadounidenses de separarse de Gran Bretaña y su intención de crear una nueva nación. Si bien la Declaración de Independencia fue vista principalmente como el documento que proclamó la ruptura formal de Estados Unidos con Inglaterra en las décadas posteriores a su creación, su uso eventual por parte de líderes, movimientos y organizaciones resultó en que adquiriera lo que la historiadora Pauline Maier ha denominado un estatus sagrado. Las ideas de que “todos los hombres son creados iguales; que son dotados por su Creador de ciertos derechos inalienables; que entre éstos están la vida, la libertad y la búsqueda de la felicidad; que para garantizar estos derechos se instituyen entre los hombres los gobiernos, que derivan sus poderes legítimos del consentimiento de los gobernados”, ahora se erigen como una declaración de los valores que unen a los estadounidenses como pueblo y reflejan los ideales perdurables que nos esforzamos por alcanzar.
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NARRATOR: On June 21st, 1776, a packet arrived at Franklin's Market Street home. It was from Thomas Jefferson, who with Franklin, John Adams and two other delegates, had been assigned to draft a declaration of independence. Working in a rented second floor room of a house a few blocks from Franklin's and attended by his enslaved servant, Robert Hemmings, Jefferson completed a first draft. He asked Franklin to suggest, "such alterations as your more enlarged view of the subject will dictate." The old editor and writer recognized the elegance of Jefferson's prose and made only a few changes before returning it.
Franklin sits back and ponders it a little, and he makes a few really extraordinary suggestions to Jefferson, and one of them is world class. Jefferson had written, "We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable." And Franklin said, "No, no. We hold these truths to be self-evident. Just as two plus two is four and the sun rises in the morning, it is self-evident that we have a right to revolution."
Franklin is saying we're trying to create a new type of nation in which our rights come from rationality and the consent of the governed, not the dictates or dogma of a religion.
They were doing something very radical and very scary. To say something is self-evident, to say that it's common sense is to say that there's no other way to think about this, that only an irrational person who's not using their mind correctly could contend with this thing, which is in fact really contentious. It's a classic lawyer's trick to say, "We all agree to this thing." Who is we? The we is presumptuous.
They were not talking about liberating women in any particular way, or certainly not slaves, but in incremental ways, it grew and grew, because if you talk about liberty for the individual of you and me, you're talking about a greater liberty that can be applied to other people.
On July 2nd, the Continental Congress unanimously approved the central clause of the declaration proclaiming American independence. Two days later, July 4th, 1776, 12 of the 13 former colonies approved the entire declaration. New York would take a few more days to make up its mind.
"And for the support of this declaration, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."
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