When liquid flowing downhill picks up gravel and other materials and deposits them as the slope flattens, it forms an alluvial fan.

When a small body crashes into the surface of a larger solid body at high speed, it forms an impact crater.

On Earth, the characteristic valleys and ridges of karst topography are formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks by surface or groundwater.

The eruption of molten material onto the surface of a planet or moon is called volcanism.

Wind, flowing ice or liquids, and gravity carry away rock fragments and cause erosion.

When rock weakens and fragments because of chemical reactions or swings in temperature, moisture, or pressure, it is called weathering.

Material that has been suspended or dissolved and transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity can form rock through the process of sedimentation.

Large-scale surface features are often formed from the folding and faulting of a planet's crust as part of the process of tectonics.

The concept that  natural processes are the same across time and space is known as uniformitarianism.

Scientists use remote sensing to study the surfaces of planets and moons without physically being there.

Liquid methane and ethane could shape landforms on Saturn's moon Titan in the same way that liquid water does on Earth.